Sistema Globalmente Armonizado – SGA
El Sistema Globalmente Armonizado o SGA permite la clasificación y el etiquetado de los diferentes productos o sustancias químicas.
Por lo tanto, se entiende que es un sistema que sirve para:
- Clasificar los peligros de las sustancias químicas utilizadas (físicos, salud y medio ambiente)
- Comunicar los peligros de manera adecuada.
Antecedentes:
A lo largo de tiempo a nivel mundial se ha buscado estandarizar la forma de comunicar los peligros que representan los productos que utilizamos.
Existen diversos sistemas de identificación y etiquetado de las sustancias y han sido establecidos por diferentes países.
El «Libro Naranja»:
En 1956 se crea la clasificación de las Naciones Unidas con su reconocido Libro Naranja que establece una serie de pictogramas y el número UN que permite clasificar las sustancias en Mercancías Peligrosas.
Aunque bastante utilizada, esta clasificación aplica únicamente al sector transporte.
El diamante de fuego:
En 1961 la Asociación Nacional de Protecciones Contra Incendio (NFPA) genera el estandar 704 «Sistema estándar para la
Identificación de la Peligros de los materiales para Respuesta de emergencia.
Con su diamante de fuego o diamante de mercancías peligrosas donde introduce la clasificación y el nivel de peligrosidad de las sustancias acorde a su inflamabilidad, impacto en la salud, reactividad y peligros específicos.
Aunque este sistema es utilizado por diferentes industrias para etiquetar las sustancias, es importante resaltar que no se creó para uso laboral u ocupacional, sino que esta destinado a brindar información a las entidades que atienden emergencias.
OIT – Derecho del trabajador a conocer información:
En el año 1990 la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) genera una serie de recomendaciones acerca de la seguridad en el uso de sustancias químicas.
Con estas recomendaciones, establece como derecho del trabajador conocer la información respectiva frente a las sustancias con las que interactúa en su ámbito laboral.
Nacimiento del SGA
En 1991, las Naciones Unidas en su Conferencia sobre el Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo habla sobre las sustancias químicas tóxicas, enfocándose en la ausencia de un sistema de clasificación y etiquetado armonizado
Por lo anterior, se pone como meta crear este sistema para el año 2000 y a raíz de esto se crea el Subcomité de Expertos en el Sistema Globalmente Armonizado.
El Libro Purpura
En el año 2002 se publica la primera versión del Libro Purpura, donde se contextualiza como funciona este nuevo sistema.
Cada dos años se ha hecho una revisión y actualización, siendo la última versión autorizada aquella publicada en el año 2019.
El SGA en Colombia
La implementación del Sistema Globalmente Armonizado (SGA) en Colombia se viene dando desde los años 90, dado que el país siempre se ha adherido a las recomendaciones que brinda la OIT.
Con la salida del Decreto 1496 de 2018, el país adopta formalmente este sistema, en consecuencia, obliga a todos los sectores económicos incluyendo los usuarios o consumidores, a incluirlo dentro de sus actividades de prevención frente al riesgo químico.
Los sectores: cosméticos, farmacéuticos y productos alimenticios fueron exceptuados.
Implementación
A pesar de que el Decreto 1496 lo adopta para el país, no establece directamente como se debe implementar este sistema por este motivo, el Ministerio de Ambiente ha lanzado una estrategia de implementación donde desarrolla diferentes temas enfocados a algunos sectores clave (transporte, agricultura, industria, consumo).
Consulte AQUI los documentos que ha generado MINAMBIENTE, los cuales se pueden tomar como guía.
Autor: ing. Deisy Pulido – Consutor
Si desea información adicional:
ContáctenosSoluciones IRS – Consultoría en Gestión de Riesgos
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